HEALTH CLINIC

 WHAT IS APPENDICTIS? Appendicitis begins with the obstruction of the appendix lumen with a fecal concretion (fecalith) and lymphoid hyperplasia followed by distention of the appendix. Clinical findings include initial pain in the umbilical or epigastric region (later pain localizes to the right lumbar region), nausea, vomiting, anorexia, tenderness to palpation, and percussion in the right lumbar region. Complications may include peritonitis due to rupture of the appendix. McBurney point is located by drawing a line from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. The midpoint of this line locates the root of the appendix. The appendix is suspended by the mesoap- pendix (i.e., intraperitoneal) and is generally found in the retrocecal fossa (although its position is variable). What is appendix? This is a worm-like diverticulum arising from the posteromedial wall, of the caecum, about 2 cm below the ileocaecal orifice. The appendix  is a narrow, muscular tube with...

  WHAT IS MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM? Meckel’s diverticulum is a congenital anomaly representing a persistent portion of the vitellointestinal duct. It is located (if present) on the antimesenteric border of the ileum approximately 2 ft. (60 cm) from the ileocecal junction. It is about 2 in. (5 cm) in length, and it occurs in approximately 2% of individuals. It is important clinically because bleeding may occur from an ulcer in its mucous membrane. WHAT IS CROHN DISEASE ? Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that most commonly affects the ileum and involves an abundant accumulation of lymphocytes forming a granuloma (a typical feature of CD) within the submucosa that may further extend into the muscularis externa. Neutrophils infiltrate the intestinal glands and ultimately destroy them leading to ulcers. With progression of CD, the ulcers coalesce into long, serpentine ulcers (“linear ulcers”) oriented along the long axis of the bowel. A classic feature o...

WHAT ARE TESTES?  The testes are paired, ovoid organs responsible for the production of spermatozoa and testosterone. Normal spermatogenesis occurs only at a temperature lower than that of the abdominal cavity, hence the descent of the testes into the scrotum(outpouching of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall)  The tunica albuginea (the fibrous envelope that extends the length of the corpora cavernosa penis| and corpus spongiosum penis) is the outer, fibrous capsule of the testis. 1. The testes are surrounded incompletely (medially, laterally, and anteriorly, but not posteriorly) by a sac of peritoneum called the tunica vaginalis (the pouch of serous membrane that covers the testes). 2. Beneath the tunica vaginalis, the testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginea because of its whitish color. 3. Beneath the tunica albuginea, the testes are surrounded by a highly vascular layer of connective tissue called the tunica vasculos...

  WHAT IS INGUIN IN AL REGION? The inguinal region is an area of weakness of the anterior abdominal wall due to the penetration of the testes and spermatic cord (in males) or the round ligament of the uterus (in females) during embryologic development. WHAT IS INGUINAL LIGAMENT? Inguinal Ligament is the coiled lower border of the external oblique muscle and extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. There are two rings of inguinal ligament DEEP INGUINAL RING SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING WHAT IS DEEP INGUINAL RING? Deep Inguinal Ring is an oval evagination of the transversalis fascia located lateral to the inferior  epigastric artery. The transversalis fascia continues into the inguinal canal as the internal fascia of the  structures passing through the inguinal canal. The deep inguinal ring is an oval opening in the fascia transversalis and lies approximately 0.5 in. (1.3  cm) above the inguinal ligament. The margins of this ring give attachme...

  WHAT IS VARICOCELE? Varicocele  is produced by dilatation of the pampiniform plexus on veins. It is usually left sided ; possibly because the left testicular vein is longer than the right, enters the left renal vein at a right angle and is crossed by the colon (part of large intestine) which may compress it when loaded . In varicocele, there is an elongation and dilation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus (the venous network of approximately 10 veins draining the testis and epididymis ) . It is a common disorder found in adolescents and young adults. The great majority occur on the left side of scrotum because the right testicular vein drains into the low-pressure inferior vena cava , whereas the left vein drains into the left renal vein, in which the Venus pressure is higher. Very rarely, a malignant tumor of the left kidney with invasion of the left renal vein may block the exit of the testicular vein. What Are Possible Varicocele Complications OR SYMPTOMS? Pain. A...

         WHAT IS LARYNGEAL ATRESIA?                       Laryngeal  Atresia is a rare birth defect, result from recanalization of the larynx during the 10th week of development, which produce obstruction(blocking) of the upper fetal airway This disease is also known as congenital high airway obstruction syndrome. Distal to the region of atresia or stenosis , the fetal airways become dilated , and the lungs are enlarged and filled with fluid. The diaphragm is either flattened or inverted , and there is an accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity in the intracellular spaces, causing severe edema. High Risk CHAOS syndrome is very often fatal due to fetal heart failure due to blockage of airway obstruction. In some severe cases , postpartum airway intervention (tracheostomy) may lead to survival. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA? Esophage...